Bolt protocol

Fluree speaks the Bolt protocol — Neo4j's binary wire protocol — against its openCypher surface. Official Neo4j drivers (Python, JavaScript, Java, Go, .NET) and most Bolt-compatible tooling connect unmodified. For setup and driver examples see the Bolt guide; the value mapping and protocol surface sections below give the per-feature semantics.

Protocol surface

Aspect	Supported
Versions	4.4 and 5.0–5.4 (4-slot handshake negotiation; version-range proposals honored)
Session	HELLO (+ LOGON/LOGOFF on 5.1+), RESET, GOODBYE, NOOP keep-alives
Queries	Autocommit RUN with parameters; reactive PULL {n} / DISCARD batching with has_more
Transactions	BEGIN / COMMIT / ROLLBACK, multiple open results per transaction addressed by qid
Database selection	db in HELLO defaults or per-RUN/BEGIN extra → ledger id; server-wide default via --bolt-default-db
Auth	bearer (data-plane JWT/JWS), basic (token as password), none — enforced per session against data_auth_mode, same pipeline as HTTP. See Authentication.
Routing	Direct (bolt://) scheme. ROUTE answers a failure unless an advertised address is configured.
TLS	Not terminated by the server — front with a proxy if needed.

The server agent string is Neo4j/5.4.0 (compatible; Fluree/<version>); drivers parse the Neo4j/<semver> prefix for feature gating.

Authentication

Bolt authenticates against the same identity pipeline as the HTTP data plane — the tokens, trusted issuers, and data_auth_mode you already configured apply unchanged; there is no separate Bolt credential store. Credentials arrive in HELLO (4.4/5.0) or LOGON (5.1+):

Scheme	Meaning
bearer	Credentials = a data-plane token (DID-JWS or OIDC JWT) — the same token the HTTP Authorization: Bearer header accepts. AuthTokens.bearer(token) in official drivers.
basic	Token-carrier form: the password field holds the token, the username is ignored (identity always comes from the verified claims). Lets driver code shaped as user/password work unchanged.
none	Anonymous — allowed only when data_auth_mode is not required.

Enforcement mirrors the HTTP extractor per mode: none ignores credentials entirely, optional verifies them when presented (an invalid token is refused, not downgraded to anonymous), required refuses anonymous sessions. Rejected credentials answer Neo.ClientError.Security.Unauthorized, which drivers surface as an auth error.

Because a Bolt session outlives the single request HTTP verifies per-call, two checks repeat per statement:

• Expiry — a session whose token passed exp fails statements with Neo.ClientError.Security.TokenExpired; 5.x drivers configured with an auth-token manager re-authenticate (LOGOFF/LOGON) instead of failing. Re-auth is also available manually on 5.1+ sessions.
• Ledger scopes — the token's fluree.ledger.read.* / fluree.ledger.write.* claims gate each statement by ledger and read/write kind. Out-of-scope statements fail with Neo.ClientError.Database.DatabaseNotFound (existence-hiding, like the HTTP routes' 404). BEGIN requires either scope on its ledger; statements inside the transaction are checked individually.

Policy

The verified identity (fluree.identity claim, else sub) drives data policies exactly as over HTTP: reads are policy-filtered per flake (including node hydration for RETURN n), writes enforce f:modify at staging, and the identity is recorded as f:identity on commits for provenance. Bolt deliberately carries no policy knobs (HTTP's policy-class / default-allow headers have no Bolt equivalent): policy derives entirely from the identity's in-ledger bindings — the graph governs itself; the transport only authenticates.

Value mapping

Results carry typed PackStream values, sharing the per-binding semantic conversion with the Cypher JSON transport:

• Nodes (RETURN n): Bolt Node structures. element_id is the node's durable identity — its stored name (a plain name for Cypher-created data; a full IRI when the ledger interoperates with RDF via @vocab). The numeric id is a stable hash of it (an opaque handle — use element_id for identity). Labels follow the labels() rule (rdf:type local names; the db:Node existence marker is hidden). Properties are fetched per node at result time; multi-valued literal predicates become lists. Ref-valued predicates are relationships, not node properties (Neo4j parity): they never inline into the node's property map — bind a relationship or path variable to read them.
• Relationships: endpoints, type (predicate local name), and annotation properties when the edge is reified; a reified edge's element_id is the reifier IRI, otherwise a stable synthetic id.
• Paths: Bolt Path structures (unique node/relationship lists plus walk indices).
• Temporal values: xsd:date/dateTime/time map to Bolt Date/DateTime/Time structures (4.4 sessions get the legacy local-seconds DateTime; lexical forms without a timezone map to the Local* variants).
• xsd:decimal: rendered as Float — Neo4j parity, with precision loss; the JSON transport keeps exact lexical strings instead. Integer division produces decimals, so this shows up on ordinary a / b.

Explicit transactions

Transactions are optimistic and serializable against the state they began on — stronger isolation than Neo4j's read-committed:

• BEGIN pins the ledger's current head as the transaction's base.
• Each write statement stages privately, one commit per statement; reads inside the transaction see earlier statements (read-your-writes). Statement errors surface at RUN time and poison the transaction until RESET, matching Bolt semantics.
• COMMIT publishes atomically only if the head is still the base; intermediate states are never observable. If a concurrent write moved the head, the whole transaction fails with a Neo.TransientError.* code — official drivers' managed transaction functions (execute_read/execute_write, driver.execute_query) retry the transaction automatically, which is the intended recovery path.
• COMMIT returns a bookmark (fluree:t:<t>).

Constraint: explicit transactions require a single-node server (the local commit path). Raft and peer deployments reject BEGIN with a clear error; autocommit queries work everywhere.

Implementation notes

The protocol lives in the fluree-db-bolt crate — a pure, IO-free codec and session state machine (PackStream, chunked framing, handshake negotiation) with no Fluree dependencies, unit-tested against byte fixtures. The TCP listener and execution glue live in fluree-db-server/src/bolt.rs and reuse the HTTP routes' entry points: query_cypher_with_params for reads, the consensus submit path for autocommit writes, and fluree-db-api/src/cypher_txn.rs for explicit transactions (its module docs describe the commit model in detail). Token verification goes through the same verify_data_principal pipeline as the HTTP bearer extractor. End-to-end tests: fluree-db-server/tests/bolt_integration.rs and fluree-db-server/tests/bolt_auth_integration.rs; official-driver smoke script: fluree-db-server/tests/bolt_driver_smoke.py.