Output Formats

Fluree supports multiple output formats for query results, each optimized for different use cases. You can choose the format that best fits your application's needs.

Supported Formats

JSON-LD Format

Default format for JSON-LD Query. Provides compact, context-aware JSON with IRI expansion/compaction.

Characteristics:

Uses @context for IRI compaction
Compact IRIs (e.g., ex:alice instead of full IRIs)
Inferable datatypes (string, long, double, boolean) rendered as bare values
Language tags preserved

Example (graph crawl):

[
  {
    "@id": "ex:alice",
    "schema:name": "Alice",
    "schema:age": 30,
    "schema:knows": {"@id": "ex:bob"}
  }
]

Example (tabular SELECT):

[
  ["Alice", 30],
  ["Bob", 25]
]

SPARQL JSON Format

Standard SPARQL 1.1 result format for SPARQL queries.

Characteristics:

W3C SPARQL 1.1 compliant
Standard results and bindings structure
Datatype information included
Language tags included

Example:

{
  "head": {
    "vars": ["name", "age"]
  },
  "results": {
    "bindings": [
      {
        "name": {
          "type": "literal",
          "value": "Alice"
        },
        "age": {
          "type": "literal",
          "value": "30",
          "datatype": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

Typed JSON Format

Type-preserving JSON format with explicit datatype information on every value. Works with both tabular SELECT queries and graph crawl (entity-centric) queries.

Characteristics:

Every literal includes {"@value": ..., "@type": "..."} — even inferable types
References use {"@id": "..."}
Language-tagged strings use {"@value": ..., "@language": "..."}
@json values use {"@value": <parsed>, "@type": "@json"}
Nested entities in graph crawl results are also fully typed
IRIs compacted via @context

Example (tabular SELECT):

[
  {
    "?name": {"@value": "Alice", "@type": "xsd:string"},
    "?age": {"@value": 30, "@type": "xsd:long"}
  }
]

Example (graph crawl):

[
  {
    "@id": "ex:alice",
    "@type": ["schema:Person"],
    "schema:name": {"@value": "Alice", "@type": "xsd:string"},
    "schema:age": {"@value": 30, "@type": "xsd:long"},
    "schema:knows": {
      "@id": "ex:bob",
      "schema:name": {"@value": "Bob", "@type": "xsd:string"}
    },
    "ex:data": {"@value": {"key": "val"}, "@type": "@json"}
  }
]

Agent JSON Format

Optimized for LLM/agent consumption. Returns a self-describing envelope with a schema header, compact object rows using native JSON types, and built-in pagination support.

Request via HTTP:

Accept: application/vnd.fluree.agent+json
Fluree-Max-Bytes: 32768

Characteristics:

Schema-once header: datatypes declared per variable, not repeated per value
Native JSON types for values (strings, numbers, booleans — no wrappers for inferable types)
Non-inferable datatypes annotated inline only where needed ({"@value": ..., "@type": "..."})
Byte-budget truncation with hasMore flag and resume query
Time-pinning metadata (t for single-ledger, iso wallclock timestamp for cross-ledger)

Example (single-ledger, no truncation):

{
  "schema": {
    "?name": "xsd:string",
    "?age": "xsd:integer",
    "?s": "uri"
  },
  "rows": [
    {"?name": "Alice", "?age": 30, "?s": "ex:alice"},
    {"?name": "Bob", "?age": 25, "?s": "ex:bob"}
  ],
  "rowCount": 2,
  "t": 5,
  "iso": "2026-03-26T14:30:00Z",
  "hasMore": false
}

Example (truncated, with resume query):

{
  "schema": {
    "?name": "xsd:string",
    "?age": "xsd:integer"
  },
  "rows": [
    {"?name": "Alice", "?age": 30},
    {"?name": "Bob", "?age": 25}
  ],
  "rowCount": 2,
  "t": 5,
  "iso": "2026-03-26T14:30:00Z",
  "hasMore": true,
  "message": "Response truncated due to size limit of 32768 bytes. Use the query below to retrieve the next batch.",
  "resume": "SELECT ?name ?age FROM <mydb:main@t:5> WHERE { ?s ex:name ?name ; ex:age ?age } OFFSET 2 LIMIT 100"
}

Schema types:

Single type → string: "?name": "xsd:string"
Mixed types → array: "?value": ["xsd:string", "xsd:integer"]
IRI references → "uri"

Envelope fields:

Field	Present	Description
`schema`	Always	Per-variable datatype map
`rows`	Always	Array of `{variable: value}` objects
`rowCount`	Always	Number of rows included
`t`	Single-ledger only	Transaction number used for the query
`iso`	Always	ISO-8601 wallclock timestamp at query time
`hasMore`	Always	Whether more rows exist beyond the byte budget
`message`	When truncated	Human-readable truncation explanation
`resume`	When truncated, single-FROM only	Ready-to-execute SPARQL with `@t:` pinning and OFFSET

Multi-ledger queries: The t field is omitted (each ledger has its own timeline). The resume field is also omitted; instead, the message instructs the caller to use @iso: on each FROM clause for time-pinning.

Byte budget: Set via the Fluree-Max-Bytes header. When the cumulative serialized size of rows exceeds this limit, the formatter stops adding rows and sets hasMore: true. The budget applies to row data only (schema and envelope overhead are excluded from the count).

Array Normalization

By default, graph crawl results return single-valued properties as bare scalars and multi-valued properties as arrays:

{"schema:name": "Alice", "ex:tags": ["rust", "wasm"]}

This can be problematic for typed struct deserialization (e.g., a Vec<String> field that receives a bare string when only one value exists).

normalize_arrays forces all property values into arrays regardless of cardinality:

{"schema:name": ["Alice"], "ex:tags": ["rust", "wasm"]}

This is orthogonal to typed JSON and can be combined with any format:

// Typed + normalized — most predictable for struct deserialization
let config = FormatterConfig::typed_json().with_normalize_arrays();

// JSON-LD + normalized — compact values but predictable shapes
let config = FormatterConfig::jsonld().with_normalize_arrays();

The @container: @set context annotation still forces arrays per-property and works regardless of the normalize_arrays setting.

Format Selection

JSON-LD Query

JSON-LD Query defaults to JSON-LD format. You can specify the format explicitly:

{
  "@context": { "ex": "http://example.org/ns/" },
  "select": ["?name", "?age"],
  "where": [
    { "@id": "?person", "ex:name": "?name", "ex:age": "?age" }
  ],
  "format": "jsonld"
}

SPARQL

SPARQL queries return SPARQL JSON format by default:

PREFIX ex: <http://example.org/ns/>

SELECT ?name ?age
WHERE {
  ?person ex:name ?name .
  ?person ex:age ?age .
}

Datatype Handling

String Types

JSON-LD:

"Hello"

Typed JSON:

{"@value": "Hello", "@type": "xsd:string"}

SPARQL JSON:

{"type": "literal", "value": "Hello"}

Numeric Types

JSON-LD:

Typed JSON:

{"@value": 42, "@type": "xsd:long"}

SPARQL JSON:

{"type": "literal", "value": "42", "datatype": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer"}

Language-Tagged Strings

All formats use the same representation:

{"@value": "Hello", "@language": "en"}

IRIs

JSON-LD / Typed JSON:

{"@id": "ex:alice"}

SPARQL JSON:

{"type": "uri", "value": "http://example.org/ns/alice"}

Rust API

Use FormatterConfig to control output format via the query builder API:

use fluree_db_api::FormatterConfig;

// Single-ledger query with explicit format
let db = fluree.db("mydb:main").await?;
let result = db.query(&fluree)
    .sparql("SELECT ?name WHERE { ?s <schema:name> ?name }")
    .format(FormatterConfig::typed_json())
    .execute_formatted()
    .await?;

// Dataset query with format
let result = dataset.query(&fluree)
    .sparql("SELECT * WHERE { ?s ?p ?o }")
    .format(FormatterConfig::sparql_json())
    .execute_formatted()
    .await?;

// Connection-level query with format
let result = fluree.query_from()
    .jsonld(&query_with_from)
    .format(FormatterConfig::jsonld())
    .execute_formatted()
    .await?;

// AgentJson with byte budget and resume support
use fluree_db_api::AgentJsonContext;

let config = FormatterConfig::agent_json()
    .with_max_bytes(32768)
    .with_agent_json_context(AgentJsonContext {
        sparql_text: Some(sparql.to_string()),
        from_count: 1,
        iso_timestamp: Some(chrono::Utc::now().to_rfc3339()),
    });
let result = db.query(&fluree)
    .sparql("SELECT ?name ?age WHERE { ?s ex:name ?name ; ex:age ?age }")
    .format(config)
    .execute_formatted()
    .await?;

// Or directly on QueryResult:
let json = result.to_agent_json(&snapshot)?;                       // no budget
let json = result.to_agent_json_with_config(&snapshot, &config)?;  // with budget

Available format constructors:

FormatterConfig::jsonld() — JSON-LD (default for JSON-LD queries)
FormatterConfig::sparql_json() — SPARQL 1.1 JSON Results (default for SPARQL queries)
FormatterConfig::typed_json() — Typed JSON with explicit datatypes on every value
FormatterConfig::agent_json() — Agent JSON envelope for LLM/agent consumers

Builder methods:

.with_normalize_arrays() — Force array wrapping for all graph crawl properties
.with_pretty() — Pretty-print JSON output
.with_max_bytes(n) — Set byte budget for AgentJson truncation
.with_agent_json_context(ctx) — Set SPARQL text, FROM count, and ISO timestamp for AgentJson resume queries

All three query paths (db.query(), dataset.query(), fluree.query_from()) support .format().

Direct formatting on QueryResult

For graph crawl queries (which require async DB access):

// Typed JSON with graph crawl support
let json = result.to_typed_json_async(db.as_graph_db_ref()).await?;

// Custom config (e.g., typed + normalize_arrays)
let config = FormatterConfig::typed_json().with_normalize_arrays();
let json = result.format_async(db.as_graph_db_ref(), &config).await?;

When no .format() is set:

JSON-LD queries default to JSON-LD format
SPARQL queries default to SPARQL JSON format

CLI Usage

The fluree query command supports format selection via --format:

# Default table output
fluree query "SELECT ?s ?p ?o WHERE { ?s ?p ?o } LIMIT 5"

# JSON output
fluree query --format json '{"select": {"ex:alice": ["*"]}, "from": "mydb:main"}'

# Typed JSON output (explicit types on every value)
fluree query --format typed-json '{"select": {"ex:alice": ["*"]}, "from": "mydb:main"}'

# Normalize arrays (force all properties to arrays)
fluree query --format json --normalize-arrays '{"select": {"ex:alice": ["*"]}, "from": "mydb:main"}'

# Typed JSON + normalize arrays (most predictable for programmatic use)
fluree query --format typed-json --normalize-arrays '{"select": {"ex:alice": ["*"]}, "from": "mydb:main"}'

Performance Considerations

JSON-LD is the most efficient format — inferable types skip the @value/@type wrapper
Typed JSON adds a constant-factor overhead per literal value (one extra JSON object allocation). Query execution is unaffected — only the formatting phase is slower.
normalize_arrays adds zero overhead when disabled (default). When enabled, it skips the len() == 1 check — no additional allocations beyond the array wrapper.
TSV/CSV bypass JSON DOM construction entirely for maximum throughput

Best Practices

Use JSON-LD for human-facing apps: Compact and readable
Use Typed JSON for struct deserialization: Unambiguous types prevent parsing surprises
Use normalize_arrays for typed consumers: Ensures Vec<T> fields always get arrays
Use SPARQL JSON for standard tooling: Interoperable with SPARQL clients
Use TSV/CSV for bulk export: Highest throughput, smallest memory footprint
Use Agent JSON for LLM/agent integrations: Schema-once + pagination prevents context window overflow

Supported Formats

JSON-LD Format

SPARQL JSON Format

Typed JSON Format

Agent JSON Format

Array Normalization

Format Selection

JSON-LD Query

SPARQL

Datatype Handling

String Types

Numeric Types

Language-Tagged Strings

IRIs

Rust API

Direct formatting on QueryResult

CLI Usage

Performance Considerations

Best Practices

Related Documentation